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Smearing can have a variety of causes, but most commonly it is due to an unevenly poured acrylamide mixture or due to gross overloading of protein.
In this example the gel was not properly poured, so that the lower half had begun to polymerize before the upper part was poured. The first gel mix began to polymerize too quickly. Rather than prepare a new gel cassette, the students simply stopped pouring, prepared a new mix, and poured it on top of the old. Obviously, the bond wasn't particularly good.
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