Armenia
Center for the Advancement of Natural Discoveries using Light Emission (CANDLE), Yerevan (proposed) [1]
[edit] Australia
Australian Synchrotron (AS), Melbourne, Victoria, [2] (under construction)
[edit] Brazil
Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS), Campinas
[edit] Canada
Canadian Light Source (CLS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
[edit] China (PRC)
Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF), Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL), University of Science and Technology China, Hefei
Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai (under construction)
[edit] Denmark
Institute for Storage Ring Facilities (ISA, ASTRID), University of Aarhus, Aarhus, [3]
[edit] France
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble
Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation du Rayonnement Electromagnétique (LURE), Orsay (decommissioned)
Soleil, Saint-Aubin
[edit] Germany
ANKA, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, [4]
Berliner Elektronenspeicherring-Gesellschaft für Synchrotronstrahlung (BESSY), Berlin, [5]
Dortmund Electron Test Accelerator (DELTA), Dortmund University, Dortmund, [6]
ELBE, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Dresden, [7]
Electron Stretcher Accelerator (ELSA), University of Bonn, Bonn, [8]
Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor (HASYLA, at DESY, Hamburg, [9]
[edit] India
INDUS, Center for Advanced Technology, Indore 作者: 8princess8 时间: 2013-5-2 13:39
[edit] Japan
Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center (HSRC), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima
Instute of Free Electron Laser (iFEL), Osaka University, Osaka
IR FEL Research Center (FEL-SUT), Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, [12]
Medical Synchrotron Radiation Facility, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba
Nagoya University Small Synchrotron Radiation Facility (NSSR), Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, [13]
Photon Factory (PF) at KEK, Tsukuba
Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki
Saga Light Source (SAGA-LS), Tosu, Saga, [14]
Super Photon Ring - 8 GeV (SPring-8), Nishi-Harima
Ultraviolet Synchrotron Orbital Radiation Facility (UVSOR), Okazaki, [15]
VSX Light Source, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, [16]
[edit] Jordan
Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME), Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt, [17]
[edit] Netherlands
Free Electron Laser for Infrared eXperiments (FELIX), FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics, Nieuwegein
[edit] Russia
Dubna Electron Synchrotron (DELSY), Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna near Moscow, [18]
Kurchatov Synchrotron Radiation Source (SIBIR-1, SIBIR-2), Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, [19]
Siberian Synchrotron Radiation Centre (SSRC), Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, [20]
U70 synchrotron Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino near Moscow, [21]
TNK F.V Lukin Institute, Zelenograd near Moscow, [22]
[edit] Singapore
Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS), National University of Singapore, [23]
[edit] South Korea
Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, [24]
[edit] Spain
ALBA, Barcelona, [25]
[edit] Sweden
MAX-lab, Lund University, Lund, [26]
[edit] United States
Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois
Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
UCSB Center for Terahertz Science and Technology (CTST), University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, [31]
Duke Free Electron Laser Laboratory (DFELL), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
Jefferson Laboratory Free Electron Laser (Jlab), Jefferson Laboratory, Newport News, Virginia, [32]
National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York
Synchrotron Radiation Center (SRC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Stoughton, Wisconsin
Stanford Picosecond FEL Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, [33]
Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL), Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Menlo Park, California
Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF), National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
W. M. Keck Vanderbilt Free-electron Laser Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 作者: 8princess8 时间: 2013-5-2 13:39
不知道是不是可以更加深入的讨论一些,或者更加的专业一些,感兴趣的战友可以继续看看。
简单的说一下NMR的原理。
NMR(核磁共振)nuclear magnetic resonance。A phenomenon in which transitionsin the magnetic energy states of the nuclei of atoms are induced when the atoms are placed in a static magnetic fieldand subjected to an oscillatory magnetic field, perpendicular to
the static field, and oscillating at some characteristic radio frequency.
简单的说就是,处于一个静磁场中的核子(质子和中子),会由于磁场的作用而处于不同的能量状态,当一个外界的摆动的磁场来扰动处于“平衡”状态的核子时,吸收了能量的核子就会从不同的能级之间要迁,并再此过程中会释放出能量。而放出的能量被检测到之后,经过分析和计算就可以得到蛋白质内部的原子的结构信息。
进一步解释一下:首先不是所有的原子都是有NMR现象的,也不是具有了NMR现象就可以用于蛋白结构解析。象O16,C12是没有核磁共振现象的(偶数的质子中子和偶数的电子),象H2,N14,NMR很难分析也很少研究。只有C13,N15,H1才真正的被用于研究,并用于结构解析。所以小一点的蛋白(小于10kd)因为含有足够的H,可以直接用来NMR分析,而更大的蛋白则需要同位素标记,就是在M9培养中,加入C13的葡萄糖,N15的NH4cl,然后诱导,从而是表达出来的蛋白中的原子都是具有NMR的C13,N15,H1。
NMR所用到的静磁场,是磁场非常强大的静磁场。例如750MHz的谱仪,它的静磁场是17.5T(特斯拉),这么强的磁场是通过电磁场产生的,我们知道螺旋线圈是可以产生磁场的,NMR所用的就是处于超导状态下的螺旋线圈中的电流产生的磁场,为了是线圈是超导,所用要将线圈放在液氦中,使温度接近绝对零度。所以NMR要消耗大量的液氦,还有液氮(放在液氦外面)。
所以NMR是很昂贵的试验,第一是样品需要同位素标记,第二是仪器非常贵重。作者: koook5695 时间: 2013-5-2 13:40
除了剩余值外,分辨率是另一个判断晶体结构可信度的重要数值。分辨率在蛋白质晶体结构中通常是定义为:可以分辨二个平面的最小距离。分辨率对模型的建构所造成的影响,可以直接由电子密度图看出,在低分辨率(~6 Å )时,只能观察到由α螺旋(α-helix)所形成的圆柱形密度图;随着分辨率提高(3 Å ~ 2 Å ) ,主链与支链结构就会出现,但个别原子仍无法由密度图中看出,除非分辨率可以达到1.0 Å 或更高的分辨率。蛋白质结构所能达到的分辨率,主要是取决晶体内分子排列的整齐程度。小分子晶体内并没有太多的水分子,所以常能得到分辨率高于0.5 Å 的绕射数据。但因蛋白质结构由长的胜 链所组成,其间又是由较弱的氢键及凡得瓦力所维系,造成蛋白质结构富有弹性,蛋白质分子与分子的堆栈也就没有那么整齐。同时分子与分子之间的空隙由水分子来填补,也因这些空隙的水分子排列比较紊乱,所以蛋白质晶体绕射出的结果,仅有少数高分辨率晶体,一般蛋白质晶体结构的分辨率约在2.0 至3.0 Å 之间。作者: purrr 时间: 2013-5-2 13:43
综述太多了,最主要的是楼主想要了解,晶体还是NMR,坦白的说,这两个方面,都有非常多的教科书,如果是文献的话……因为结构解析已经是非常成熟了,我可以写几个
关于NMR:
1Heteronuclear multidimensional NMR experiments for the structure determination of proteins in solution employing pulsed field gradients
2-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Biological Macromolecules,
ENzyme MEthods。 239,338,339卷。
3,Understanding NMR Spectroscopy(作者keeler,网上到处都有)。作者: taoshengyijiu 时间: 2013-5-2 15:18
有没有战友讨论一下液质联用在蛋白质结构鉴定方面的应用,看到一个工作描述如下:
Applicants should have a PhD or equivalent experience in Chemistry/Biochemistry/
Analytical Science or a related area which has included the use of analytical instrumentation, together with considerable knowledge and experience in mass spectrometry and chromatography for the identification and structural elucidation of biomolecules.
我只知道液质可以做protein identification,但不明白在结构鉴定中的作用,请结构解析战友指教作者: koook5695 时间: 2013-5-2 16:34
有没有战友讨论一下液质联用在蛋白质结构鉴定方面的应用,看到一个工作描述如下:
Applicants should have a PhD or equivalent experience in Chemistry/Biochemistry/
Analytical Science or a related area which h ...
有没有战友讨论一下液质联用在蛋白质结构鉴定方面的应用,看到一个工作描述如下:
Applicants should have a PhD or equivalent experience in Chemistry/Biochemistry/
Analytical Science or a related area which has included the use of analytical instrumentation, together with considerable knowledge and experience in mass spectrometry and chromatography for the identification and structural elucidation of biomolecules.
我只知道液质可以做protein identification,但不明白在结构鉴定中的作用,请结构解析战友指教